How Credit Scoring Works

According to the Consumer Federation of America, consumers nationwide could save $16 billion a year in lower credit card finance charges by improving credit scores by an average of 30 points. Credit scoring can be confusing because the point system isn't clearly spelled out to us, even though we are entitled to one free credit report each year from www.AnnualCreditReport.com. Many borrowers wonder, "How much does my score drop from one 30 day late payment?" or "How many points will I lose if my account goes to collections?" or "How will a foreclosure affect my credit future?" While the answers are complex, there are many tips financial advisers spell out for us that can redirect our focus to the most important areas.

If you are to take away one lesson about improving your credit scores range, it's this: late or missed payments are bad, very bad. Payment history accounts for 35% of your credit score and includes everything from mortgage or rent to utilities, cell phone bills, credit cards, store charge cards, medical bills, auto loans, college tuition bills and student loans. If you are 30 days late on one payment, then it's not likely to cause severe damage to your report. It's only listed when you are "currently 30 days late" and even then, you can usually negotiate with your lender to cut you some slack since you're normally a good borrower.

If you're often 30 days late, then you may have a hard time convincing anyone to give you a favor. Once you're sixty days late, your credit score will be slightly damaged, but when you hit more than 90 days you'll have a tarnished score, which could be something like 100 points deducted for up to 7 years! After 120 days, it's likely you'll have a charge-off on your record or an account that slips into collections. Short-term collection accounts will hurt you 50-75 points, although financial advisers at the Gallant Group say that older accounts won't hurt you as much, as these are just "a blip on the radar screen," they said. However, if you're applying for a new loan, then you may occasionally be required to go back and resolve any past due items on your report before being approved.

The most damaging "big ticket items" on your credit scoring are bankruptcies, foreclosures and repossessions. A bankruptcy credit report is the quickest way to derail your score, with the longest-lasting effects. One claim can plummet your score down to the mid-400s for the first year. If you engage in smart finances over the next year, then you may be able to resurrect your credit score back to the 600s, yet lenders will still see "bankruptcy" on your files for ten years. Foreclosures are just as ugly and hurt your chances at getting approval for another mortgage in the future. Credit scores usually drop to the low 400s because so much delinquent activity gets reported; first the monthly missed payments, then the subsequent foreclosure hit. Repos are the least damaging of the three, but will still knock a perfect score down to the low to mid-500s.

There are many myths about credit scoring, but here are a few. The first myth is that closing accounts can improve credit scores. The reality is that you can't repair an account by simply shutting it down. When you close an account, your total available credit shrinks, which makes your situation look worse. Closing accounts also makes your credit history appear shorter. Instead, pay down your debt. The second myth is that checking your FICO score can hurt your credit. You can check your score as much as you want, although you're only entitled to one free credit report each year. Credit lenders checking your score to send you new offers won't impact your number either.

Applying for new lines of credit is what actually affects your score, although you can shop around for auto loan quotes and mortgage quotes as much as you want within a 14-day period, since it's only counted as one inquiry or 5 points off for 30 days). Another myth is that credit counseling is as bad as bankruptcy. Your credit counseling program will not be explicitly stated on your report, although your lenders may report you as late and any settlements made may show up on your report, all of which can hurt your score. This is nowhere near as damaging as bankruptcy, but it's best to turn to credit counselors only if you're seriously derailed and need those settlement offers.

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